Essay on Misuse of Police Powers - 2001 Words

Within our police system in America, there are gaps and loopholes that give leeway to police officials who either abuse the authority given to them or do not represent the ethical standards that they are expected to live up to. Because of the nature of police work, there is a potential for deterioration of these ethical and moral standards through deviance, misconduct, corruption, and favoritism. Although these standards are set in place, many police are not held accountable for their actions and can easily get by with the mistreatment of others. While not every police abuses his or her power, the increasingly large percentage that do present a problem that must be recognized by the public as well as those in charge of police departments†¦show more content†¦These types of misconduct arise throughout police jobs that include routine procedures such as traffic stops, ticket writing, directing traffic, and discouraging potential threats to those in their community. What often go unnoticed, though, are the undercover works and the corruptions that go on within a department. The four terms associated with these conflicting values are deviance, which is behavior inconsistent with the norms, values, or ethics, corruption, which is forbidden acts involving misuse of office for gain, misconduct, which is the violation of departmental procedures, and favoritism which is unfair â€Å"breaks† to friends or relatives. According to T.R. O’Connor in his article entitled Police Deviance and Ethics, police also work includes the behind the scenes work of going undercover and taking on false identities to induce crime, reporting vague information to media and giving false ideas to the public, and invading privacy through the use of technology. They can also make false promises to hostage takers and kidnappers, trade or sell their days off and desirable work assignments, and position themselves to have cases requiring court appearances. They can even manipulate the overtime system to earn more money each year and strain the truth to protect loved ones and crime victims. These descriptions are inconsistent with societal standards as well as police standards (1). In order to understand the reasoning behindShow MoreRelatedEssay on Misused Power Decreases Respect for Police Officers582 Words   |  3 Pageswould claim police officers to be helpful with keeping the community in order, helpful for fin ding justice, and maybe even considered heroes. I once also thought highly of them. On the other hand, people have a different perception on them. Many people, like me, have seen the not so great side of these heroes people speak of and realized they aren’t as great as they seem. They abuse, misuse, and also get away with things because of their power. Because of this, I no longer believe police officers toRead MorePolice Discretion Is An Issue For American Policing1027 Words   |  5 PagesPolice discretion is an issue for American policing because how police use their discretion can greatly impact the public’s view on the police. First what police discretion is must be defined, â€Å"the leeway that officers enjoy in selecting from more than one choice in carrying out their work† (Mastrofski, 2004). This definition accurately sums up an ability the police use every single day that affects the public. The police can use discretion for almost any situation they encounter. There are manyRead MoreCorruption of Foreign Governments Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesCorruption can be defined as the misuse of entrusted power for personal benefit. It can also be described as letting personal or family relationships influence economic decision making, be it by private economic agents or by government officials. 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Most police officers throughout the ranks of the U.S. police departments are just seeking more authority/recognition among the population or the district his/he is working. The U.S. lawRead MorePutting an End to Police Brutality Essay699 Words   |  3 Pages The police play a vital role in today’s justice system; they are the heroes that catch armed banked robbers, stop kidnappings, and catch murderers that terrorize communities: or at least that is how they are portrayed. While police activities are much more mundane than the public may think, police are given total authority over the public to keep the streets safe. In Steven Lukes’ article, power, he gives a general definition of power as â€Å"the capacity to bring about outcomes† (Lukes 59), butRead MorePolice Brutality And Its Effects On The United States1699 Words   |  7 PagesPolice abuse stays a standout amongst the most serious human rights infringement in the United States. The police transmit a colossal weight every day. 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Narrative Of A Mother Daughter - 1061 Words

A tired mother reclines before a long mirror, beginning to prepare her ten-year-old daughter for bed. As she works out the last few tangles from her hair, the woman’s gaze turns to her reflection—the dulling of her once youthful body palpable in the company of her youthful daughter. Author Sharon Olds uses the narrative of a mother-daughter relationship to address issues of aging, death and replacement, juxtaposing the youth of a ten-year-old with the maturity of the thirty-five-year-old. â€Å"35/10† takes readers on one woman’s journey of sorrow as she copes with the loss of her youth, but deeper than that, her confrontation with grief as she realizes her daughter will one day replace her. The woman feels as though she is beginning her life’s decline just as her daughter begins her ascent into womanhood, inquiring, â€Å"†¦Why is it / just as we begin to go / they begin to arrive†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (lines 4-6). Olds takes on the voice of this des pondent woman in her poem â€Å"35/10,† using rich, honest language and metaphoric comparisons to communicate observations about the cycle of life and the pattern of replacement. In the main body of her poem, Olds lists a sequence of three key metaphoric comparisons between the woman and her daughter’s changing bodies. Both characters are experiencing small â€Å"previews† of their futures through developmental transformations, the younger a preview of womanhood and the older a preview of aging and ultimately future replacement. The comparison is made in the sameShow MoreRelatedEssay about Personal Narrative - Mother and Daughter Relationship637 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal Narrative- Mother and Daughter Relationship I am rummaging through a cardboard box full of pictures, looking for the perfect one to put in one of those sentimental Mother and Daughter word frames from Hallmark. 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Reframing Resistance to Organizational Change †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Reframing Resistance to Organizational Change. Answer: Introduction: As highlighted earlier in the introduction part of this study, many change attempts have been reported to have failed. The reasons for this are because the change was or resisted in many organizations. From the research works of Anderson, Hardy, and Thomas, we find that change in an organization entails establishing new understandings, practices, and relationships which may not be welcomed or supported if the change does not support the interest of the majority. Therefore they highlight some of the common reasons why people resist change in organizations or in other aspects of life are due to; loss of status or job security in the organization (Thomas et al., 2011). For instance, employees, peers or even managers will resist administrative and technological change which may render their status or their job roles insecure. Another reason for resisting organizational change is the non-reinforcing rewards systems in organizations and therefore organizations should strive to ensure that their reward systems support the change that they want to implement in the organization. Change is also resisted in organizations due to surprise or the fear of the unknown. According to Anderson (2011) when change agents bring about changes whether administrative or technological for instance in an organization, the change recipients usually have great fears of the unknown and therefore this calls for managers or changes agents to get their organizations prepared for change through establishing effective communication mechanisms for communicating change before it is implemented. Organizational politics also bring about resistance to change as a result of the creation of organizational groupings supporting certain ideologies and resisting others (Ng Choi Rashad, 2015). Lastly, organizational change is resisted due to poor timing to implement the change initiative in the organization. As discussed above organizations through their managers should ensure that their organizations, as well as their stakeholders, are prepared enough to embrace change. Poor timing has greatly contributed to increased resistance to change as research provides that most changes implemented without proper timing have always failed and therefore causing a lot of resistance which is not properly timed. Managers of different organizations, therefore, are of the view that change is naturally resisted by people and that change in its course is not the problem but the resistance to change. They, therefore, feel that resistance to change can be avoided in organizations with effective change management initiatives (Thomas Hardy, 2011). This can, therefore, be achieved through promoting a culture of trust, transparency in communication, a culture of employee engagement and creating positive interpersonal relationships which will reduce resistance to change. The first question is well answered. Different theoretical ontologies have been used to evaluate resistance to change in organizations and their effectiveness in enhancing change management. However, the most common concepts that we focus on is the scientific objectivism ontology to resistance as well as the subjectivism or social constructionism ontology to change management. Social construction ontology suggests and supports the idea that people can indeed be change agents (Burr, 1995) which promotes the fact that change is brought about by human activity. However, this concept of social constructionism also accepts that there is always an objective reality behind any change engagement which brings about the concept of objectivism as another important ontology in understanding change management (Burr, 2003). Scientific Objectivism approach This approach is also referred to as positivism approach and portrays an organizational position that social entities exist , external to social actors and concerned with existence. This means that the approach argues that social phenomena have an existence that is independent of social actors (Jabri, 2012). The approach is based on the findings from organizational data collected and analyzed. The results from such data is termed as scientifically true however in most case the symptoms that lead to such results have different interpretations. Therefore, when implementing change in an organization, the managers usually use an established scientific approach that is aimed at attaining certain outcome irrespective of the social factors from the employees in the organization. This approach or method can be used to assess staff competence and capability without taking into considerations the organizational efforts to empower employees with relevant skills. Results from this assessment are then used to make comparisons with the organization future requirements or even to plan for employees development programs without involving the inputs of employees on various social factors. This ontology does not support effective change management in an organization as it does not support a lasting relationship between change agents and the change recipients. This ontology or approach portrays a concept of social phenomena such as organizational change as created from perceptions and consequent actions of those social actors. It therefore takes into considerations the causal effects and all other social factors influencing change in an organization. Social constructionism lies under the premises of dialogue and appreciative inquiry and therefore during change implementation in an organization this approach takes into consideration the views of all stakeholders (Jabri, 2012). It argues that the reality of a social phenomenon is understood differently according to our social experience. It therefore provides an effective way of change management in an organization. This approach lays more emphasis on discovering and valuing the things which give organization vitality and identifying the future. The managers then design a dialogue through creating proposals for change, discussing them with stakeholders and enhancing readiness to adapt to the changes through capacity building (Jabri, 2012). Social constructionism therefore supports the idea that people can be change agents within an organization through human agency and this provides an effective mechanism of implementing change in an organization (Shore Kupferberg, 2014). This ontology therefore contributes to both positivism in achieving organizational goals as well as taking into consideration the social actors contributing or influencing change. It therefore helps to minimize change resistance. Ontology can be applied in change process to minimize resistance and overcoming situations that might arise. Managers might apply ontology directly to gain results in cases of change or reducing negat ive impacts that might arise. Critically examine the relationship between power and resistance, and the ethical issues that these raise in relation to the managerial and resistant positions. These scholars have also examined the relationship of power and resistance and it is evident in the modern society or in modern organizations resistance to change has ignored the theoretical concept of power and therefore in most case, the privileges of change agents have been taken for granted. Power has been used severally in organizations to mobilize certain outcomes or to bring about change. However, it has been equally used to resist change in any organization. Therefore power and resistance may seem to operate together in most case; there are no relations of power in an organization without resistance (Fleming, 2007). Yes well done The two approaches to resistance to change as well the relations of power and resistance raises a number of ethical issues and challenges in relation to managerial and resistant positions. Both approaches have been found to maintain a clear distinction between the change agent and change recipient in understanding change resistance but have been found to privilege the change agent (Erkama, 2010). There are two approaches one is scientific objectivism and other is subjectivism to change management procedure. In every organisation, process of change is always resisted by its employees. Managers are known to exert power while controlling and coordinating between various organisational objectives. Managers have power, can be change agents from social constructivism. It allows them to extend their capabilities in order that employees can provide productivity. While change becomes an inevitable process across all organisations and can due to need of resource allocation, business processes, budget and other factors. In order to bring about change, varying perspective of the nature of change within organisational environment has to be brought about(DCruz, 2007). With change agents being either internal or external in nature, Power will always play a part. Power is the authority or influence on others, as in this case employees. Manager or change agent within the organisation might exert legitimate power, from their position within organisational hierarchy. Greater the power a manager holds greater will be the resistance to change. In case a manager has great deal of power and is in direct communication with the organisational heads he might be able to dictate terms his own way and employees might will resist(Holland, 2010). According to concept of scientific objectivism, staffs are expected to coordinate with managers in change processes. In such a case, resistance to change is bound to be less as employees will have access to manager who is exerting power. Employees are generally resistant to change in every form, therefore at lower hierarchy levels ethical behaviours can easily be promoted(Antonsen, 2009). Ethical behaviours can be prompted in such cases in managers whereby they can motivate personnel towards change management processes. In case of ethical change processes, there is a gradual transformation that is adopted. Employees are made aware regarding expectations that they might have from the change processes. Impacts the change process will have on their jobs and pay-bands can also be explained. Therefore, there is a gradual transformation through a series of process as has been suggested by a number of scholars and researchers in the domain. Ethical change process is able to impact the organ isation in a positive manner by creating a positive impact on employees. In case of community approaches, manager have to consider the responsibility of organization towards the stakeholders rather than purely a stakeholders view that should be tolerable and respectable (Winstanley,1996). Likewise, at the time of taking strategies manager should not be extreme disparities of benefit with these group as these group have great impact on organization. Critically discuss the implications of power and resistance for the role of the change agent in ethically managing change, in both the dialogical and problem-centric approaches to change management Power and resistance have been discussed to work together or to exist in the same web of relationships (Bushe Marshak, 2014). Works of Jabri (2012) is able to contextualize problem-centric and logical positivism. While logical positivism incorporates open system model that gather data for replicating science. Outcomes of diagnostic models can be multifarious in nature. While problem centric approach is focused on consciously identifying causes and symptoms by systematically collecting data. In such social construct or organisational open system, change agent or manager communicates regarding all aspects of change. On the other hand, diagnostic methods aims at designing and implementation intervention for arriving at solutions of problems. Efficiency and effectiveness can be enhanced by this mechanism. Implications of power and resistance for role of change agent is critical and essential for the management of change. Implications of change are immense especially on employees. While there remains several implications that needs to be evaluated, resistance to change remains one of the most critical factors. A change agents role focuses on overcoming these resistance to change by use of power in an appropriate manner(Young, 2009). While various organisations promote use of unethical means in adopting change, it is essential that ethical change management be promoted. In order to ethically manage the process of change, change agents needs to promote dialogical talks between employees, management and himself such as to provide smooth transition. No amounts of change management can be smooth, hence its best to approach it in a problem-centric manner. Focusing on the problem will ensure that root of the problem is analysed and solution is arrived at. Ethical change or transformation proc esses includes proper hand-holding of employees through the entire process of change or transformation. With proper communication by the change agent to the employees regarding all aspects of change, they are taken through the process(Fleming, 2008). Employees are trained, counseling is given, any other problems faced by the employee is diagnosed and then analysed to arrive at a recommendation that can be implemented. A problem resolving technique to the process of change is adopted and then change management processes are implemented. A sudden change management process without the implication of processes can lead to failure of the change agent. In every case dialogue should be encouraged to ensure that there are no miscommunications regarding the change and it is handled in an appropriate manner. Dialogue instills a spirit of confidence amongst employees. They feel motivated being a part of the change management process. Hence, they are easily able to accommodate themselves to the entire process of change management. These are the various implications to change management processes t hat provides success to the entire organisation. In this question you need to be more specific about what the two different approaches of Problem centric and Dialogic is and also be more specific about the different roles of the Change agent in both. Have a look at the two chapters in Jabri and also the chapter on Change agent. Reference Lists Anderson, A. (2011). Engaging resistance: How ordinary people successfully champion change. Stanford University Press. Antonsen, S. (2009). Safety culture and the issue of power. Safety Science, 183-191. Burr, V. (2003). Social Constructionism (2nd Ed). London: Routledge Bushe, G. R. (2014). The dialogic mindset in organization development. In Research in organizational change and development. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 55-97. DCruz, H. G. (2007). Reflexivity, its meanings and relevance for social work: A critical review of the literature. The British Journal of Social Work, 73-90. Erkama, N. (2010). Power and resistance in a multinational organization: Discursive struggles over organizational restructuring. . Scandinavian Journal of Management, 151-165. Fleming, P. . (2008). Beyond power and resistance: New approaches to organizational politics. Management Communication Quarterly, 301-309. Fleming, P. (2007). Sexuality, power and resistance in the workplace. Organization Studies, 239-256. Holland, S. R. (2010). Power, agency and participatory agendas: A critical exploration of young peoples engagement in participative qualitative research. Childhood, 360-375. Jabri, (2012). Social construction and scientific objectivism. Management of change, p-149 . Klonek, F. E.-W. (2014). Dynamics of resistance to change: a sequential analysis of change agents in action. Journal of Change Management, 334-360. Kummamuru, S. . (2014). Human Resource Management: Towards a Human-Centric Approach. IUP Journal of Soft Skills, 36. Shore, D. A. (2014). Preparing people and organizations for the challenge of change. Journal of health communication, 275-281. Winstanley, D. and Woodall, J. (2000b). (eds). Ethical issues in contemporary human resource management. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Thomas, R. . (2011). Reframing resistance to organizational change. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 322-331. Thomas, R. S. (2011). Managing organizational change: Negotiating meaning and power-resistance relations. Organization Science, 22-41. Van der Voet, J. K. (2016). Implementing Change in Public Organizations: The relationship between leadership and affective commitment to change in a public sector context. Public Management Review, 842-865. Young, M. (2009). A meta model of change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 524-548.

The Storm Essay Research Paper The StormIn free essay sample

The Storm Essay, Research Paper The Storm In Kate Chopin # 8217 ; s short narrative # 8220 ; The Storm, # 8221 ; the narrative surrounds the brief matter of two persons, Calixta and Alcee. Many people don # 8217 ; t see the narrative as a disapprobation of unfaithfulness, but instead as an act of human gender. This essay argues that # 8220 ; The Storm # 8221 ; may be interpreted as a specific act of gender and passion joined with a disapprobation of its repression by society. If one is to try to construe # 8220 ; The Storm, # 8221 ; it becomes necessary to analyze the conditions of the milieus. The rubric of # 8220 ; The Storm, # 8221 ; with its sexual energy and passion, is of class critical to any reading of the narrative. The rubric refers to nature, so the storm can hence he seen as symbolic of gender and passion. And the image of the storm will be returned to once more and once more throughout the narrative. At the beginning of the narrative Bobinot and his immature boy, Bibi decide to wait out a quickly nearing storm at the shop. Bobinot # 8217 ; s married woman, Calixta, is place entirely, be givening to the family jobs. Calixta # 8217 ; s is non cognizant of the storm nearing, although she is married and has a kid, she is unaware of the gender and passion within her. As Calixta is garnering up the wash, Alcee Laballiere enters the pace, seeking shelter from the coming storm. My first feeling of Alcee is that he is reasonably good off in the universe. Although I see Bobinot as a simple adult male. There is a common attractive force between Calixta and Alcee, and this attractive force is non new. Calixta has non seen Alcee really frequently since her matrimony, and neer entirely. The attractive force between Calixta and Alcee is merely briefly explored. With Alcee # 8217 ; s arrival comes the beginning of the rain, and he asks to wait out the storm on the front gallery. Calixta is startled from her sudden consciousness that she is still sexually attracted to Alcee, even though both are married. The storm increases rapidly and drives Alcee interior. Calixta # 8217 ; s visual aspect is described as # 8220 ; she is a small Fuller of figure than five old ages before she married ; but she had non lost nil of her vivacity. # 8221 ; The storm outside continues to increase, reflecting the sexual tenseness indoors. Calixta is going every bit unsettled as the elements outside, the passion of the storm repeating her inner emotions. Calixta and Alcee move to a window to watch the storm, and when lightning work stoppages nearby, Calixta staggers rearward into Alcee # 8217 ; s weaponries, and for a minute he d raws her # 8220 ; close and Spasmodically to him. # 8221 ; I don # 8217 ; t believe Alcee sensed the passion that Calixta feels in the beginning of the narrative. # 8220 ; the contact of her warm, palpitating organic structure when he had thoughtlessly drawn her into his weaponries, had aroused all the quaint infatuation, and desire for her flesh. # 8221 ; Calixta and Alcee embracing, giving into the storm of passion that is now present in both of them. Calixta and Alcee cast aside the restraints of society and the boundaries of their several matrimonies. Neither has found passion of this deepness in their several matrimonies. Then the storm base on ballss and Alcee foliages. In the terminal of the narrative Calixta # 8217 ; s passion is seen to be natural, experienced without guilt or shame. Bobinot and Bibi returned place after the storm, and brought his married woman ( Calixta ) some runt. Calixta greeted them with nil but felicity and satisfaction of their safe return. For Calixta the narrative ends with her reclamation of her matrimonial responsibilities, and is now cognizant of her natural, passionate, sexual nature. Alcee like Calixta, is freshly cognizant of the deepnesss of the passion within himself, and is non satisfied within the boundaries of his matrimony. And so the storm passed and everyone was happy. The narrative presented gender through the imagination of the storm. Calixta was unaware of the gender within herself, and it is merely by seting aside her matrimony, was she able to cognize her true gender. One can non presume that a brief and limited waking up that passes like a storm will be plenty to do one happy, sexually, the storm will finally return someday. The Storm English 102 The Storm is interpreted as a specific act of gender and passion. The Storm is non merely an act of nature, but of passion inside both Calixta and Alcee. The storm comes along with the reaching of Alcee, and leaves as he leaves Calixta. I. The manner of nature and human emotions. A. Calixta # 8217 ; s emotions are mixed up when Alcee arrives in the narrative. B. Calixta remembers forgotten feelings toward Alcee. II. The storm gets more vigorous. A. The storm becomes more violent as Calixta feels the attractive force for Alcee. B. Alcee draws Calixta stopping point to him. III.Alcee unleashes his feelings for Calixta. A. The storm reveals itself as Calixta and Alcee are sexually drawn together. B. Alcee and Calixta see a different side of themselves. English 102

CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE AGE OF TERRORISM essays

CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE AGE OF TERRORISM essays The era of modern terrorism began in 1968 with the hijacking of an airliner flying from Rome to Tel Aviv (Dershowitz). The distinguishing between earlier criminal aviation hijackings and the pattern of terrorist hijackings is that prior to 1968, the motive was either to divert the ransom it for money. Modern terrorists learned very quickly that their reached more easily through terrorism than through peaceful negotiation if abiding community at large is unprepared to respond decisively. Terrorism particularly successful when elements of the government are sympathetic to objectives, since it can provides a perfect excuse to make concessions that The psychology of terrorism is simple enough, it is the same behind old-fashioned kidnapping: the idea is if you want to coerce someone effectively, just threaten to do something that he fears worse than the your demands. Terrorism is much easier to employ successfully in societies that incorporate a concern with civil rights, and comparatively more societies that are not particularly preoccupied with civil rights issues. instances where terrorism is employed purely for vengeance, the goal of universally the same: to bring greater attention to one's cause than non-violent political discourse. Anecdotal evidence from the former Soviet suggests that the most effective way to eliminate terrorism is to adopt responses and to extract information through any means deemed necessary. is that more ruthless societies are better protected against terrorism than where human rights are widely respected and protected. In Why Terrorism Works, Alan Dershowitz provides a convincing into the effectiveness of terrorism once it is allowed to achieve any graphing the long history of Palestinian terrorism against Israel and the world for the purpose of calling attention to their political aims. He instance of terrorism by the PLO...

Gigantopithecus - Facts and Figures

Gigantopithecus - Facts and Figures Name: Gigantopithecus (Greek for giant ape); prounced jie-GAN-toe-pith-ECK-us Habitat: Woodlands of Asia Historical Epoch: Miocene-Pleistocene (six million to 200,000 years ago) Size and Weight: Up to nine feet tall and 1,000 pounds Diet: Probably omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; large, flat molars; four-footed posture About Gigantopithecus The literal 1,000-pound gorilla sitting in the corner of a natural history museum, the appropriately named Gigantopithecus was the largest ape that ever lived, not quite King Kong-sized but, at up to half a ton or so, much bigger than your average lowland gorilla. Or, at least, thats the way this prehistoric primate has been reconstructed; frustratingly, practically everything we know about Gigantopithecus is based on its scattered, fossilized teeth and jaws, which first came to the worlds attention when they were sold in Chinese apothecary shops in the first half of the 20th century. Paleontologists arent even sure how this colossus moved; the consensus is that it must have been a ponderous knuckle-walker, like modern gorillas, but a minority opinion holds that Gigantopithecus may have been capable of walking on its two hind feet. Another mysterious thing about Gigantopithecus is when, exactly, it lived. Most experts date this ape from Miocene to mid-Pleistocene eastern and southeastern Asia, about six million to one million years B.C., and it may have survived in small populations until as late as 200,000 or 300,000 years ago. Predictably, a small community of cryptozoologists insists that Gigantopithecus never went extinct, and persists in the present day, high up in the Himalayan Mountains, as the mythical Yeti, better known in the west as the Abominable Snowman! (Rest assured that no reputable scientists subscribe to this theory, which is supported by absolutely no compelling material or eyewitness evidence.) As fearsome as it must have looked, Gigantopithecus seems to have been mostly herbivorouswe can infer from its teeth and jaws that this primate subsisted on fruits, nuts, shoots and, just possibly, the occasional small, quivering mammal or lizard. (The presence of an unusual number of cavities in Gigantopithecus teeth also points to a possible diet of bamboo, much like that of a modern Panda Bear.) Given its size when fully grown, an adult Gigantopithecus would not have been an active target of predation, though the same cant be said for sick, juvenile or aged individuals, which figured on the lunch menu of various tigers, crocodiles and hyenas. Gigantopithecus comprises three separate species. The first and largest, G. blacki, lived in southeastern Asia starting in the middle Pleistocene epoch and shared its territory, toward the end of its existence, with various populations of Homo erectus, the immediate precursor of Homo sapiens. The second, G. bilaspurensis, dates to six million years ago, during the Miocene epoch, about the same early time frame as the oddly named G. giganteus, which was only about half the size of its G. blacki cousin.

Function of filter circuit Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Function of filter circuit - Coursework Example It is less in voltage than the series circuit because its output voltage is the same as the input voltage. This circuit therefore, does not operate as a filter to the input signal except when supplied by the current source.The ideal op-amp amplifies all signals from Direct Current to the greatest Alternating Current frequenciesOpen-Loop Gain is infinite in ideal Op-amp amplifier. In real Op-Amp, the open loop gain is finite, ranging between 20000 and 200000.Ideal op-amp generates zero noise voltage from the internal parts.Real op-amp has several sources of noise, including semiconductor noise and resistive noise.Ideal op-amp operates as a perfect source of internal voltage without any internal resistance. Real op-amps have output-impedance ranging between 100 - 20â„ ¦.This diagram represents the relationship between the capacitor and a resistor in the circuit, if they are arranged in series. The circuit assists in measuring the voltage across the capacitor, using Kirchhoff's law o f the current. In this, the current that charges the capacitor has to be equal to the current passing through the resistor.A filter circuit server the purpose of producing restrictions on the bandwidth of frequencies for an alternating input signal and generate output with a narrower frequency- bandwidth. It also eliminates the alternating current ripple remaining in the output of the rectification of a diode-based alternating current circuit, leading to higher quality signal.

Data Mining In Tracking Customer Behavior Patterns Essay

Data Mining In Tracking Customer Behavior Patterns - Essay Example The computing power is increasing at the rate specified by Moore's law, doubling every eighteen months. The technology upgrade to parallel processing has vastly contributed to more powerful machines. There have been a number of statistical applications and algorithms that were waiting for larger computing power to arrive. Data mining makes use of these algorithms to enable data mining possibilities. In addition to these, data is being collected on a very large scale at all levels. More the data better the data mining exercise has been the watchword of most of the work that is carried out. All these combine to make data mining. Using this data and applying appropriate models, the results of the data mining is obtained. This would enable businesses to identify buying behavior patterns from customers; identify customer demographic characteristics and predict customer response to emails. Most of the cases, both commercial and scientific establishments report a condition where there is a large quantity of data which is collected and stored. But there is hardly any information for the people to make use of. In its basics, the data mining efforts start with employing appropriate data models that would help in understanding the system and its behavior (Hand D J, 2001). This would further help in augmenting the nature of work executed and the future of the object becomes more predictable. This is possible to do only if the object is understood well and the modeling is realized to the closest possible accuracy. A number of modeling tools help in data mining. Typically, Decision Trees, Rule Induction, Regression Models and Neural networks. All these contribute to extracting needed data from the databases using data mining tools. These are not simple straight forward SQL statements. Qualitative analysis is possible with the predicate data that would use this to identify and get an objective visualization of the object being modeled. Whereas in quantitative analysis, the data is used for automatic processing based on specific input data or time. Based on the model the information and data available in the system are extracted to meet the requirements. In the case of the banks, this would help them in identifying and detecting patterns of fraudulent credit card usage. The banks might like to identify loyal customers and those who might change their loyalty even with a minor issue. It also helps in identifying credit card spending by customer groups and finding any specific correlation between different financial indicators.

Terms Ap Us History Essay Example for Free

Terms Ap Us History Essay Sea Dogs-roving English ships that plundered Spanish treasure ships (1560s) St. Augustine–fort Spain created in Florida 1565 to protect the route of its treasure fleet against English ships, French settlers, hostile Indians (1st permanent Euro. settlement in US) Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries-new policy Spanish leaders introduced after military setbacks to pacify Indians by Christianizing missionaries not conquistadores (1573) Ecomenderos-privelaged spanish landowners in NM, who were allowed by the Franciscans to utilize the goods and forced labor of Indians and their land Popà ©-an Indian shaman, who killed and drove away Spaniards (destroying Spanish churches etc) with his followers in 1680 Samuel de Champlain-founder of the fur-trading post Quebec (1608), first permanent French colony). Colony did badly until 1662 when it was turned to royal colony Robert de La Salle-fur trader who in 1681 traveled down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico to found Louisiana (and ultimately New Orleans). Traveled so far from Great Lakes/New France region to get rive by taking advantage of of remote Indians who did not know value of their furs Henry Hudson-An English mariner sent by Dutch merchants in 1609 to find a navigable route to East Indies/riches. Explored rivers of the NE (esp. Hudson River) and found plentiful furs Fort Orange-Dutch merchants founded this fur-trading post (now Albany) in 1614 after following H. Hudsons exploration to trade for furs with the Iroquois West India Company-chartered by Dutch government in 1621 and set up New Netherland colony and New Amsterdam (Manhattan) as capital, brining in farmers/artisans to make sustainable. Later acted independently, ignoring New Netherland to profit in other colonies Governor Peter Stuyvesant-governor of New Amsterdam who ruled in authoritarian way by alienating colonys diverse residents and ignoring representation demands. Anglo-Dutch War-series of wars fought between the Dutch and the English in the 1600s and 1700s over control of the seas and trade routes. Early wars confirmed the Dutch Republics position as the leading maritime country and its domination of world trade until the early 1700s. Virginia Company-London company of investors granted all land by King James I of England from NC to NY (1606). Directors named land Virginia and in 1607 group of male traders (no farming experience) settled area of Jamestown with intention of obtaining gold (there was no gold). More than half of first settlers died from voyage, disease, famine. Later encouraged migration by granting free settlers land. Powhatan-chief of local tribes who treated the English traders as potential (trade) allies, and essentially saved them from total famine when he gave them corn (in exchange got metal tools/guns). Saved life of Captain John Smith from his brother Opechancanough. John Rolfe-an English colonist that married Powhatans daughter Pocahontas under his arrangement (diplomatic effort by Powhatan). Rolfe imported tobacco seed from West Indies, producing a profitable and in-demand crop in Europe––spurred migration of thousands of English settlers establishing plantations, and consequently invading Indian land. House of Burgesses-system of representative government in VA issued as a charter from the Virginia Company (1619). Could make laws and levy taxes, but governor/company council in England could veto its acts. Opechancanough-Powhatans brother and successor who attacked the early English invaders (captured Capt. John Smith). Stayed distant from English and refused all treaties while Powhatan chief. Became chief 1621, wanted to wipe out all of Englishmen (land-hungry and conversion minded). Started Indian War of 1622 when killed 1/3 of white English in surprise attack, who then brutally punished Indians and declared perpetual war that lasted 10 years. Privy Council-a committee of political advisers to King James I, who made it a requirement that all legislation passed by the new VA governor and his advisory council of the House of Burgesses (formed in 1624 when King James I revoked VA Companys charter and made VA a royal colony b/c of Indian uprising) had to be ratified by them. Toleration Act of 1649-Lord Baltimore persuaded the assembly (of MD) to pass this act––which protected his fellow Catholics (who had become a minority to the surging Protestants in Marlyand) and granted all Christians the right to follow their beliefs and hold church services. Maryland was no a colony of Christian religious freedom. Freeholds-Small family-farmed (tobacco) plantations that were the main source of tobacco in the Chesapeake region in the early part of the tobacco boom (1620s). Indentured Servant-poor whites in England who were impoverished and abused in Englands city poorhouses who there were displaced to the cities after the go vernment enclosed their lands in the countryside. They wanted to settle in the colonies to obtain land and economic opportunity (social mobility), so to pay for their passage over they signed indentures from merchants (who would sell them to planters) that said they would work as a servant on a plantation for 4-5 years and then were free. Many died en route or were abused to death on plantations, and only 25% actually acquired land and success afterwards. Black Codes-laws enforced by Chesapeake planters to limit the freedom and severely restrict rights of African workers in the colonies (like owning guns, traveling). These codes made slavery legal, and encouraged racist ideas to differentiate poor whites from blacks, elevating them and make slaves inferior beings (all because slave importation skyrocketed when tobacco boom crashed). Navigation Acts-passed by English Parliament in early 1660s as the main device of mercantilist policy in England (wanted to exclusively capitalize on their American colonies raw materials and market for manufactured goods), they prevented colonists from selling tobacco to all countries besides the English (lost money from Dutch), and all tobacco went to England where there were higher import duties. Consequently tobacco prices fell and planters were forced to use the cheaper labor of black slaves, and political problems resulted in the Chesapeake colonies. Governor William Berkeley-royal Governor of Virginia (Jamestown) who was instructed to run the colony only for the benefit of England (1642-1652). He was part of, and favored the planter-merchant elite. Corrupt: to win support in House of Burgesses bribed officials with land grants and took vote away from landless freemen (50% of white pop.). Increased the already growing disparities in wealth and status among VA population. Nathaniel Bacon-a wealthy farmer (was on governors council), he was a leader of colonial frontiersmen in western deep Virginia (west). Like other poorer farming frontiersmen, was angered over Gov. Berkeleys inability to protect western VA frontier land (like his own) from Indian attacks; also angry at the rights and corruption of VAs wealthy inner circle. Bacon’s Rebellion-1676, Nathaniel Bacon led other fellow poor frontiersmen on Indian raids because they were being attacked by Indians. The poor frontiersmen were all angry at the tobacco monopoly that the elite eastern planters had, that they lost their voting rights, and that they were overtaxed. Gained popularity with his Indian raids. Seen as a Martyr when he was arrested by Berkeley and was freed by yeomen. He and forces burned Jamestown, but when he died Berkeley violently crushed rebellion with British military aid. Made colonies turn away from indentured servant labor and toward slave labor. Manifesto and Declaration of the People William Bradford-Puritan who led Puritans and migrants from England (102) to America in 1620 aboard the Mayflower and settled in Plymouth, in SE MA. While en route, he said they lacked a royal charter from England, and issued the Mayflower Compact. Mayflower Compact-issued by William Bradford aboard Mayflower to migrants/Puritans which coalesced the migrants (just wanting to go to VA for economic opportunity) with the Puritans (wanting to be independent and free of Protestant VA) by declaring they would live in a civil body politick using the Puritans self-governing congregation to shape their political structure. John Winthrop-Well-educated Puritan country squire who led the exodus of Puritans from England in 1630 (they were being persecuted against by Catholic King Charles I), to set up govern the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Boston). He declared to his people we shall be as a City upon a Hill. He meant that God had chosen them to be a shining example and hope for all (Christian) religions, like those in what he considered to be a morally corrupt England, wanted to inspire religious reform throughout the Christian world. Massachusetts Bay-Colony established and governed by John Winthrop 1630, who led exodus of Puritans from a morally corrupt England where his people were being persecuted, sought to create a New England that was a reformed Christian society. Colony was a representative political body with an assembly, and made Puritanism the sole state religion (no other religions allowed), only church members could vote/hold office. Used Bible as legal guide, and embraced simple Christian principles––churches were controlled by the people (congregationalist) with no hierarchy and were meetinghouses. These Puritans believed in predestination (John Calvin), a doctrine that God chose only a select few individuals for salvation before they were born. Many sought a born again experience. Because they thought they were chosen as a city upon a hill, they felt the right to seize Indian lands. Roger Williams-Roger Williams was a Puritan minister who opposed congregationalism, praised the separation of church and state, advocated religious tolerance (the government didnt have authority over spiritual lives), and didnt believe in Puritans seizure of Indian land. These were all opposite views than the status quo of Mass. Bay. In 1636, he was banished so he led his followers to settle the town of Providence (Rhode Island) the land he bought from Indians. Got a charter from Parliament in 1644 to establish the colony of Rhode Island (complete religious freedom). Anne Hutchinson-A Mass. Bay wife who held weekly prayer meetings for women, she preached controversial and differing views: she believed salvation could not be achieved through good deeds, people only bestowed by God through the covenant of grace. She said that God spoke his divine truth directly to individuals, not through the church. As a woman with considerable influence, she was banished in 1637, for her heretical views and as a threat to the superiority of men in the Puritan church. Joined Roger Williams in RI. Thomas Hooker-Puritan pastor who brought some Puritans to the Connecticut River Valley in 1636 and established the town of Hartford (left NE because of differing views and search for better farmland). Connecticut became royal colony in 1660 with charter from King Charles II. Had a legally established church but granted voting rights to all land-owning men. Cotton Mather-A popular Puritan theologian who believed in supernatural forces, that unusual events were the power displayed by God or Satan. Lead to the Salem Witch Trials. Spectral Evidence-The evidence allowed by judges at the accused witches trials (in the Salem Witch Trials), which was visions of evil beings and marks seen only by the girls (who suffered supernatural seizures). Praying Towns-Indian villages that Puritan ministers like John Eliot turned into intensely Christian communities by 1670 in efforts to convert Indians. The 1000 Indian residents lost their independence and culture, and new native form of Christianity were made by traditional spiritual beliefs incorporated into churches. Metacom-Chief of the Wampanoags who with two other tribes staged a rebellion in 1675-1676, attacking white settlements all over New England in hopes to finally expel the Europeans. He knew coexistence was unlikely and was angry that NE colonists restricted their trade and accused them of many violations. Had they not run out of gunpowder, the rebellion might have been a success. The NE colonies losses were significant, as some places lost 5% of their population; but Indians lost 25% of their population and the three tribes (Wampanoags, Narragansetts, and Nipmucks) displaced/retreated west to the backcountry.

Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Carl Jungs Principle of Opposite

Carl Jung was a pioneer of psychoanalytic theory along with his former partner and mentor, Sigmund Freud. Though Jung split from Freud and diverged onto his own unbeaten trail of psychoanalysis two years before his decease, they are both highly revered for the myriad of ways in which they developed the understanding of the mind. Parallel to this period, Joseph Conrad penned and published the novella Heart of Darkness, which tackled much of what Jung had found about the psyche and its inner workings. In Heart of Darkness, both Marlow and Kurtz are representations of strong reoccurring archetypes within human myth, religion, and folklore. They work together to epitomize one of Jung’s Cores of Personality: the Principle of Opposites. The Principle of Opposites states that both sides of opposite pairs—good and bad, light and dark, joy and despair, et cetera—are present to complete the other. In this way, Marlow and Kurtz are opposite replications of each other in Co nrad’s Heart of Darkness; they are doppelgà ¤ngers that complete each other, as in Jungian theory. Marlow is the raconteur of Heart of Darkness, and therefore is one of the more crucial characters within the plot. He embodies the willingness to be valiant, resilient, and gallant, while similarly seeming to be cautiously revolutionary. He is, seemingly the epitome of bravery, going into the jungle. Marlow’s voyage is, in essence, a â€Å"night journey into the unconscious, the confrontation with an entity within the self† (Guerard 38). The ominous coast is an allegory for the idea of the unconscious mind. â€Å"Watching a coast as it slips by the ship [†¦] there it is before you—smiling, frowning, inviting, grand, mean, insipid, or savage, and always mute with an air of whispering† (1... ...Works Cited Burke, Colleen. "Colleen Burke - Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness - A Metaphor Of Jungian Psychology." 15 Nov. 2011. . Conrad, Joseph, and Paul B. Armstrong. Heart of Darkness: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2006. Guerard, Albert J. Conrad the Novelist. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard U. Press, 1958. Hughs, Richard E. The Lively Image: Four Myths in Literature. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop Publishers, 1975. Jung, C. G. Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 9, Part 1., 2nd ed., Princeton University Press, 1968. 451 p. (p. 54-72). Lord, George de Forest. Trials of the Self: Heroic Ordeals in the Epic Tradition Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1983. Spivack, Charlotte. "The Journey to Hell: Satan, The Shadow, and the Self." Centennial Review 9:4 (1965): 420 - 437.

Peel’s Policies Toward Irealnd Essay

Peel’s policies towards Ireland seem to swing backwards and forwards over the period 1829-46; he supported Catholic emancipation in 1829, yet his policy of coercion seems distinctly repressive, and this was then followed by conciliation, which could be considered reforming. Peel had to tread a thin line between firmness and assertion of authority without alienating any potential Catholic support. However, on balance we can consider that his policies were more reforming than repressive. Peel’s support of Catholic emancipation in 1829 shows the reforming side of his policy. He supported it against a huge amount of scepticism from his own party and did it in the belief that it was for the good of the union – he thought it was a greater risk to refuse to satisfy their demands than to grant them. However, the restriction that Catholic emancipation placed on the franchise meant that it carried with reform an element of repression. Peel’s Tamworth Manifesto of 1834 showed moderate support for reform, but did not commit the Tory party to anything and certainly didn’t advocate anything on the scale of Catholic emancipation. Peel’s early reformist attitude had all but disappeared by the 1841 election, where his party emphasised their traditional position as the defenders of the established Church. During his second ministry, Peel’s policy of Coercion was clearly quite repressive. Faced with a problem in Ireland that he considered a greater threat to British Authority than Chartism had ever posed, he made an announcement in parliament that he would ‘crush any attempt to break the union with armed force.’ This aggressive statement was the start of Peel’s more repressive policy in Ireland. The Irish Arms act of 1843, which gave the Authorities in Ireland greater powers and banned Catholics from owning guns, was very stringent and can therefore be considered repressive, but it can be seen that it was a necessary move in order to prevent more violence in Ireland. Peel’s decision t ban the meeting at Clontarf can also be seen as repressive. O’Connell had organised many large scale demonstrations before which had not been seen to pose a significant threat, but the British government interpreted it as an incitement to illegality. Over half a million people were expected to turn up and the government knew about it well in advance; however by banning it just the day before it was due to take place, Peel dealt a heavy blow to O’Connell. Thousands of Irish people were already on their way to the demonstration and O’Connell had to tell them all to turn back. On top of this, despite not having done anything illegal, O’Connell was then arrested for sedition, tried and found guilty by an all protestant jury. This is perhaps the most openly repressive thing that Peel did in the period. This incident proved to be the turning point in O’Connell’ political career; despite later being released from prison he never regained his full authority and subsequently his repeal movement began to fall apart. This was a clear victory for Peel’s defence of the union, and gave him great support within the Conservative Party. However, Peel was convinced that a population that was more than 80% Catholic could not be coerced indefinitely and in early 1844 asserted that whilst the union itself was still the overriding objective, ‘Equality of treatment for Protestant and Catholic Citizens was necessary’ so that the Irish middle classes could be persuaded of the benefits of it. Peel’s plan of conciliation sought to improve relations and win this crucial support within Ireland. The first step that showed Peel taking a more reforming line was to remove the staunch protestant defender de Gray as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was replaced by Lord Heytesbury, who was happy to follow Peel’s policy of giving Catholics equal opportunities in government. This showed not just willingness for change, but also would eventually lead to more Catholics in the civil service and magistracy; thereby lessening the chance that disaffected Irishmen would turn to the Nationalist cause instead. This willingness for change was shown again in the setting up of the Devon Commission. Setting it up in the first place was an act of great courage – the opinion of the time was that it was a landlord’s right to do as he wished without interference – and therefore shows a real attempt at reform by Peel, although it never came to fruition. Peel further tried to win over the Irish Catholics with the charitable bequests bill of 1844. It plainly displayed the goodwill of Peel’s administration to the Catholic Church. Peel saw the support of the Irish Catholic Church as something incredibly important; it had an essentially conservative nature and there was no ideological reason why its support should be blocked, as it wasn’t linked to the nationalists or revolutionaries, and therefore Peel thought it important for them to be ‘on-side’. This religious aspect was further tackled in the Maynooth Bill. He was convinced that in its current state, Maynooth was attracting the wrong sort, and by giving money for its improvement and increasing its annual grants, he was not only showing a positive attitude to the Catholic Church, but also ensuring that the new priests were not likely to support the revolutionaries or nationalists. Peel’s Irish Colleges Bill continued this programme of reform by setting up un-sectarian colleges, with the aim of ensuring that there would be more educated Catholics who would be eligible for the newly available jobs in the Civil service. However, this was in the face of requests for Catholic colleges from the priests, something that Peel flatly refused to consider. With the coming of the potato famine in 1845, Peel found even greater problems in Ireland, which lead to further reform. Peel’s worry about the dependency on the potato was justified, and many people in Ireland were starving. Peel made the decision to try and repeal the Corn Laws. He faced huge opposition from his own party at the suggestion, yet the Bill was passed with Whig support. This is the most reforming one of Peel’s policies towards Ireland; however, there is the suggestion that his hand was forced politically. Overall, the evidence suggests that although there were some repressive elements to Peel’s Irish policy, namely the period of Coercion, the majority of his policy can be considered as more reforming, as he acted to try and change and improve the conditions in Ireland and the relationships between Britain and Ireland. This is shown by Peel’s reasoning that in order to preserve the Union (which was to him the most important matter), the Irish would have to be treated fairly and be shown the benefits of it.

Auditing Introduction Letter

Dear Mr. Lancaster, I understand that Apollo Shoes, Incorporated is concerned about acquiring certain auditing and assurance services. In today’s business world a company needs to stay ahead by operating more successfully and proficiently than its competition. Stromsodt can help Apollo Shoes to gain this advantage by offering auditing and assurance services designed for the company needs. Stromsodt is a company with certification in Service Auditor Assessments as well as provides specialization of auditing in areas of superior athletic podiatric products. Stromsodt has been providing auditing and assurance services to businesses just like yours for more than 30 years. With more than three decades of experience, Stromsodt has helped over hundreds of companies to achieve their company objectives and run more proficiently. Stromsodt is a company that is more productive and cost-effective than any other auditing and assurance service company. The company provides timely, experienced services at reasonable fees. The Auditing and Assurance services Stromsodt offers are as follows 1. Statutory Audits 2. Internal Audits 3. Risk Management. Corporate Governance 5. Tax Audit 6. Management Audits 7. Review of Accounts 8. Special Audits 9. Due diligence 10. Restatement as according to International Accounting Standards (IAS)/ General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) These services will benefit Apollo Shoes by 1. Ascertain whether the presentation of accounts are fair and true 2. Timely detection of errors and fraud in the company 3. Timely identification of risks of material misstatements 4. Validation of accuracy, validity, and authenticity of account information 5. Improvement of profitability . Maximization of revenue recovery 7. Preparation of documents on a timely basis What other firms fail to deliver, Stromsodt delivers. Stromsodt brings value to a company by focusing on a company’s objectives. Part of Stromsodt’s core philosophy is to provide and perform services that add only value to a client to reach set objectives. The company abides by five essential principles when performing services for a client. These principles are integrity, objectivity, professional competence along with due care, confidentiality, and professional behavior. The roles I perform at Stromsodt vary depending upon the service. Some general tasks I perform include 1. Reviewing financial statements to determine conformity to GAAP 2. Attesting the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting 3. Reviewing previous financial report. Reviewing financial statements to determine conformity to GAAP helps a company by establishing to external users the assurance of a company’s financial statements. Attesting the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting helps to ensure no potential material misstatements or raudulent activities have occurred. This helps to lessen the likelihood of occurrence of these activities as well. Reviewing previous reports can provide assurance to a company in knowing that its previous reports are accurate. In providing these services I would make sure that Apollo Shoes has the necessary information to achieve the objectives of the company by abiding by the five principles set forth by Stromsodt. I will also adhere to the 10 general accepted accounting standards an accountant or CPA is required to adhere by. These standards are as follows 1. Display adequate training and proficiency. 2. Maintain independence from the audited company. 3. Display professionalism in performance and planning the report. 4. Adequately plan the fieldwork and supervise assistants. 5. Sufficiently understand the internal control of the company as well as determine the tests to test these controls. 6. Provide sufficient information to back up opinion formed on the financial statements. 7. State and report if the financial statements represented are in accordance with GAAP. 8. State and report circumst ances of company not consistently using principles 9. Recommend additional information for disclosures expected to be in financial statements. 10. Provide opinion on the financial statements. In conclusion, I look forward to talking further about Apollo Shoes auditing and assurance needs and about how much Stromsodt can provide Apollo Shoes with these services. Please feel free to contact me anytime regarding this proposal. Thank you for the opportunity to submit the proposal, and I, along with the entire staff at Stromsodt, are looking forward to working with Apollo Shoes in the near future.

Christians and the Spanish Inquisition essays

Christians and the Spanish Inquisition essays Ferdinand and Isabella used the Inquisition to eliminate opposition in Spain. Their thoughts were that by eliminating the Jews, Muslims, and New Christians in Spain they would gain unity, wealth, and power. They wanted to make a Christian and only a Christian Spain. Since Ferdinand and Isabella were married they strived to make Spain a whole. With Ferdinand ruling Aragon and Isabella ruling Castile they united Spain as one. Soon Ferdinand and Isabella had the regions of Granada and Portugal as part of Spain. But Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to increase their authority over their kingdom through religion as well. Ferdinand new that the church controlled large amounts of land and also served significant roles in the political system, he took these very important things into major consideration. Isabella on the other hand, "...had a genuine concern for religious reform and believed in their responsibility for the spiritual life of their subjects and people."(Ovid 3). Ferdinand and Is abella didn't think of using the Inquisition to purify Spain until a priest named Tomas de Torquemada brought it to their attention. Torquemada was Isabella's confessor or spiritual leader. Torquemada convinced Ferdinand and Isabella that once the Inquisition was in place they could eliminate all non-Catholic believers. He bribed them with the thought that they,"...could use it to solidify the supremacy of Catholicism in Spanish life...the inquisition would promise them consolidation on their political control over the country and would increase the wealth of the crown through confiscation."(The Inquisition 50-51) Ferdinand and Isabella were now convinced that by putting the Inquisition to action they could gain wealth, power, and full unity of Spain. The Inquisition was so closely associated with the government that it became a department of state. (The Inquisition 43) The Jewish population in Spain was a very large one that caused lots of envy. Jews h...

Facts and Opinions in Opinion Essay Samples

Facts and Opinions in Opinion Essay Samples Facts and Opinions in Opinion Essay Samples In an opinion essay, the focus of attention is your own point of view, as opposed to an argumentative essay, for example, where you basically defend another persons opinion. A good opinion essay should include your point of view, stated in the introductory paragraph, reasoning for your opinion, and, of course, a conclusion, where you sum up your argument. Remember to back up your reasoning with examples. Preferably, place each opinion in a separate paragraph. You can also add opposing or supporting opinions of experts or your peers, but you have to remember that any opinion should be clearly stated. The most important part of this essay is to effectively prove your point of view. For that, you have to build a solid argument. Normally we distinguish between two main types of argument, inductive and deductive. Which one to use in your essay largely depends on your thesis statement. In this post, we will learn about the two types of reasoning and if an inductive argument is suitable for an opinion essay. Types of Argument An inductive argument basically means that your thesis statement is a projection of a more general statement, and your reasoning will increase or decrease the probability of your conclusion being true. The later depends on how strong or weak your reasoning is. For example, if your evidence is reliable, you have more chances to prove your point. This type of argument is more suited for presenting an opposing point of view, because it will give you room to refute. In a deductive argument, the truth of the conclusion is logically derived from the reasoning: if, then For example, if it rains, then the road will certainly be wet; we cannot conclude that it rains because the road is wet, there can be other reasons for that. This is a good type of argument to defend your point of view. For you the conclusion is true, by default, and you only need to break it into elements that will prove your reasoning. How to Support Your Opinion with Facts To prove your point of view, you have to build a good argument that will explain how you have come to a certain conclusion. An essential part of this is to present your facts clearly and in an easy to understand manner, so that your audience is not left guessing. It is important to understand that facts are verified pieces of information, not based on opinions. The effectiveness of your argument depends on the way you present data: define the point and present only the most valuable information; raw data is for you to analyze, not the reader. find a way to break up the text: pictures, charts, diagrams, even statistics will let the readers mind rest, but dont overload your paper with graphics. if you have a boring topic, try to make it more fun with a writing style, or couple of fun facts. The key to making the audience believe in your point of view is believing in it yourself.

What is democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What is democracy - Essay Example A popular definition of democracy is government of the people, by the people, for the people. Elections are held periodically (usually every 4 or 5 years) that determine ministers who would take part in state’s operations. Every adult (usually above 18 years) has the right to vote and decide on the ministers who would actively represent their country Even after election, there are checks and balances so that those who hold offices are kept on their toes. If people are not satisfied with the performance of a particular minister or party, they can show their dissent through petitions, marches, blogs, or other peaceful means. There are rooms for diverse opinions and multiple parties exist to represent different ideologies. Some countries under British model of democracy can have any number of parties, like in the parliamentary form of democracy. The number of parties is restricted to three or four in some democracies like US and UK because of administrative reasons, ensuring that democratic tenets are not compromised in the process. It is only natural that under democratic system, which promotes diverse views and opinions, there are multiple parties competing with each other. The head of state is either designated as ‘president’ or ‘prime minister.’ As democracy takes into account majority view while taking collective decisions, the basic concept right from formation of ruling council (parliament) to any minute issue regarding its operation remains the same. A country is divided into a number of regions or provinces. A candidate is selected as winner for a particular region if he or she has secured the maximum number of votes for that region. A candidate either represents a party or can stand independent. If a candidate stands independent, depending upon the constitution of that country, he or she may or may not be allowed to support a political party later on during the elected tenure. Parliament consists of group of ministers who have all won maximum number of votes from their respective regions. Ministers represent different parties, if not independent. The party that has sufficient amount of majority will be the ruling party from which key ministerial post of president or prime minister is determined. The ruling party’s members together determine who their president or prime minister would be. President or prime minister, as the case may be, allocates responsibilities to other ministers in the party, such as defense minister, finance minister, etc. This is the main concept behind any democratic form of government, which is tailored in context of a particular country. When democracy is in pure form, one can expect that there will be no distinction made on account of religion, caste, language, or culture. In democracy, there is a right for everyone to live with whatever small or big aspirations they have. Democracy gives an opportunity to all to progress, without making distinction on personal issues like sexual orientation, believe or disbelieve in reincarnation, etc. The terms democracy and civil society come side by side. While defining civil society, Jane Morse states that civil society comprises â€Å"individuals like you and me.† Interesting to note is the statement, ‘democracy depends on civil society’ by Morse. What Morse perhaps wants to highlight through this watchword is overwhelming importance of citizens. Democratic government is there to serve its citizens. Democratically elected government is not an end by itself, but means to an end of serving its citizens. According to America.gov, â€Å"Governments alone cannot build strong democracies, thriving economies, or stable societies; it is the people themselves — especially the civil society organizations — that bring people together.† While democratic government is given a mandate by citizens to run state in the best interest of citizens, civil society absorbs citizens in a m ore direct way. If there is threat on civil society, then it reflects that the problem is perhaps with the true implementation of

Locke's point on view about empiristics Assignment

Locke's point on view about empiristics - Assignment Example Explain why Berkeley maintains that if empiricists take these ideas seriously, Locke's account actually leads to radical doubts about the existence of the material world. What solution to this problem does Berkeley think that empiricists should accept? Berkeley's solution, however, is widely seen to be highly problematic. Which of these two problems---the (alleged) problems facing Locke or Berkeley's solution to these problems---seems to be the most damaging or difficult problem facing empiricism? Why? Critically defend your position. The empiricist claim of Locke proposes that knowledge only comes from experience and feeling while the rationalists asserts that reason is already an innate attribute and is already previously present in Descartes Cartesian proof. Locke posits that the human consciousness evolves and therefore starts as an â€Å"empty mind† or a tabula rasa. It continuously evolves with experience, learning and sensation which are the sources of our ideas. The ra tionalists like Rene Descartes however, presupposes that reason is already inherent in man. It is already there even before he or she attempts to evolve or make a conscious effort to even think. For Descartes, the mere exercise of thinking is already a validation that one exists. Even the process of doubting one’s existence, in Descartes perspective, is already a proof that one exists due to the sheer exercise of thinking.

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Microeconomics - Essay Example One of the main characteristics of perfect competition includes sale of homogenous goods where all firms in the market same the same good. The second characteristic of perfect competitive market is perfect information where all sellers and buyers if goods know the price of the good and an increase in price by the seller will result in zero sales. Monopoly is a market structure consisting of one seller and many buyers; hence, the seller has total maker power on price and quantity. The main characteristic of this market is the lack of close substitutes; hence, the users have to purchase from the firm at the price. The second characteristic of monopoly is high barriers of entry that could be as a result of high capital requirement, ownership of production resources by the firm, natural causes, and government offer of single license to the firm ensuring presence of abnormal profits in the long-run in a monopoly market. Oligopoly defines a market structure characterized by few large firms operating in the market hence the decision of a firm affects other firms in the market. A characteristic of an oligopoly is aggressive and defensive advertising to ensure buyers get information on the products and give a firm advantage over the other firms in the market. The other characteristic is price rigidity, since when one firm increase price other firms may not follow suit leading to loss of sales by the firm with an increased prices and augmented sales for the other firms. Monopolistic competition consists of a market structure consisting of firms with a degree of market power owing to the production of non-perfectly substitutable goods, and the aim of the firms is profit maximization. A characteristic of monopolistic competition is free entry of firms ensuring the economic profits in the long-run are reduced to normal profits. The second characteristic is that firms produce differentiated products allowing for a certain degree of market power since the goods cannot be

Using RStudio to Prepare and Clean Data

Using RStudio to Prepare and Clean Data There is now more data available than ever before, the depth and scope is increasing daily. The explosion of the internet and connected devices has increased this and big data is now big business. With the increase in data available to us, so has the need for analysis of this data. Many companies use this data to predict future trends. Also, what has changed is the tools we use to analysis and present this data in a meaningful way. In the past statistical software was very expensive and often with no graphical capabilities. Enter the R programming language a tool that supports both, first released in 1995 with the first stable build in 2000, now on version 3 which was released in 2013. R is a free open source project with over 7000 add on packages available. Many companies such as Google and Facebook are using R for their data analysis. In this lab book we will look at cleaning and preparing data so it can analysed. We will use R Studio which is an IDE (Integrated development environment) for the R programming language. R Studio is available as an open source or commercial version, it has two editions R Studio desktop and R Studio Server and runs on Windows, macOS and Linux operating systems. The dataset we have is from the UK government, and is based on MOT outlets in England, Scotland, and Wales, it contains data such as name, address, post codes, telephone numbers and categories of vehicles tested. On quick analysis of the dataset there are a lot of blank fields, extra white spaces, typos in the telephone column as well as second telephone numbers separated by the / symbol. Using R Studio we will attempt to tidy and clean the dataset. In this lab book we will explain the various commands and techniques used to prepare the data for analytical analysis. Make a copy of the data to work with: Method: Here we make a copy of the original dataset x2016motsitelist and call it MotList, this is good practice as you will not contaminate the original dataset. Test: Result: From the above screen shot you can see we have renamed our dataset to MotList, by using the name of the dataset in R studio it lists the dataset in a screen dump on the console. Get the Stucture of Our Data Frame Method: by using the str() command in the console we get the structure of our data. Test: Result: by using the structure command str() we can see that our dataset has 22,980 objects and 14 different variables. The next lines which contain $ indicate column headings and display some of the components included in these columns. This command just provides a list with components and names. View the data Method: Using the Head command to view the data. Test: Result: using this command the first 6 records are displayed in the console window. ID names of columns Method: We use the Names command to display column names. Test: Result: this displays the names of our columns in the console window. Summary of what is contained in the columns Method: we use the Summary command to get an overview of the data in our columns. Test: Result: the summary command gives us an overview for every vector in the data frame, tells us in our case that the length is 22980 rows, that all vectors are character classes. Missing values Method: we will use the is.na command, combination of is.na with the any command and lastly the sum command to check for missing values in the data. Test: Result: the result of the is.na command returns a Boolean true or false result on the data set to tell us if a missing value is present or not. Test: Result: with the use of the any command we find that there is indeed missing data in the dataset. Test: Result: with the use of the sum command we get the number of missing records, which is 149097 in this case. Rename columns in our data set. Method: we use the colnames command to change the columns in our data set that are numbered 1,2,3,4,5 and 7. Test: Result: with the use of the above commands we change the name of the columns using the name to identify which column to apply the name change to. We use the names(MotList) to verify the result. Test: Remove NA from the different categories of vehicle that are Mot tested Method: we create another copy of our dataset and call it MotListMod, on this dataset we will change the NA values in the columns that we renamed earlier so that the different categories of vehicles tested will have complete values and no missing data. We do this by giving the dataset name and then the $ column name, we then use the which command and is.na to change the value to the desired result. Test: Result: As can be seen from the screen shot above, we have changed the NA values in the six columns of our dataset, our dataset now tells us if a Mot test centre carries out tests on the different vehicle categories Y or N, were as before it only told us the if the centre did Y with a blank field for N. Again, we run the sum is.na command on both datasets we have, now the MotListMod dataset has far less Nas in the dataset. Remove and tidy up VTS Telephone column. Method: Firstly, using the GSUB command we removed instances of Tel. and TEL. from our column, secondly, we separate the column in two sections number 1 and 2 with the SEPARATE command as some of the test centres have two telephone numbers separated by / in the dataset, thirdly we tidy up the white space. Test: Using GSUB wrongly above didnt produce the desired outcome, but in the two screens below we get the desired outcome. The above screen shows were the VTS Telephone column is split into different sections. Trimming white space from the front of the telephone numbers. Removing the NAs from the VTS Telephone number2 Result: By using GSUB and identifying the column we wanted to target, we replaced the instances of Tel. and TEL. in our dataset with whitespace, we then proceeded to split the column into two different sections, when we did this it created a lot of NAs in the second column because not every test centre has two telephone numbers, so to counter act this we replace the NAs with the value 0. We then tidy up the white space at the start of the two columns. Write to CSV file in R studio Method:ÂÂ   We will write the MotListMod3 dataset to a CSV file with the WRITE.CSV command. Test: Result: The above command writes the dataset to a csv file and can be viewed or shared with others, see above screen shot of the file in excel. Outliers and plot function. Method: using the HIST command we produce a histogram of the cars column, the columns class had to be changed to a factor form to make the function work, also we used the Table command to count the number of Y and N in this column. Test: In the screen shot above you can see a histogram of the cars column. Result: No outliers are present as our columns only have a Y or N present in the different type of vehicles tested columns. Also, our data was of class character, this had to be converted to a factor form so as we could use the histogram function on the column cars. We used the table command on the column to display a numeric result for N = 1054 and Y=21926.

Organization Essay -- essays papers

Organization First impressions are crucial. If a classroom is organized and appropriately arranged, then it is apparent that the teacher possesses good management skills. A variety of things must be considered when arranging the classroom. It â€Å"must contain interesting materials appropriate to a child’s stage of intellectual development† and not appear thrown together (Streng, 1978). All fire exits, doorways, and main walkways must be kept open and free of clutter while built in cupboards, drawers, closets, etc must be easily accessible as well. The desk arrangement, perhaps the most important element, requires several considerations. Placing the students desks in groups promotes peer tutoring and collaborative activities. However, they may tend to be more talkative and less focused. Individual seating is effective in keeping students focused and on task, but group work is often difficult and requiring time to move desks. Also, when students are separated from each other they are more dependent on the teacher for understanding since their peers are not as easily accessible. Often pairing students is a good method that promotes peer tutoring and some teamwork but has a better chance of students remaining focused and successful (Glover, 1994). Learning and teaching styles need to be considered, as well as how the classroom should be run, before arranging desks. The teacher’s desk should be strategically placed so all students can be seen and any important areas such as a black board are not blocked. Organized teachers will their desk neat and free of clutter. If the desk is cluttered time is being wasted trying to find important papers and information. Be selective about what goes on the desk so that there isn’t u... .... Providing structure, preventing problems. Retrieved September 24, 2001 from http://warthog.cc.wm.edu/TTAC/articles/challenging/problems.htm. This is an article from the College of William and Mary Website that provides ideas and examples of how to maintain order and structure in your classroom. Steele, K. Tips for organizing your desk. Retrieved November 8, 2001 from http://www.angelfire.com/ks/teachme/4yourdesk.html#Be%20Selective. A website that has four helpful tips to keeping your desk organized and clean. Thompson, M.W. (1994, December 10). Controlling the Classroom's Chaos; Rookie Instructors Often Find Discipline Is Their Toughest Lesson. The Washington Post, p. A1. An article from a series by The Washington Post about first year teachers and how they handle certain situations. This one focuses on discipline and how to handle bad kids.

Global Warming and Geomorphology Essay

In his article â€Å"Global Warming and Geomorphology†, David K. C. Jones attempts to distinguish between the doom and gloom predictions surrounding and offer a more realistic approach to the effects that climate change will have on the geological and biosphere aspects of the planet and specifically on the British Isles. Climate fluctuation based on the presence of so-called greenhouse gases has been occurring for most of the last geological period. At issue, however, are several factors that have not been considered in previous periods of rapid climate change including the impact of humanity on greenhouse gases and humanity’s knowledge of its impact (Jones, 124). This knowledge of humanity’s impact on geomorphology can be used for either gain in the coming global change or can be used to incite doomsday predictions. Jones theorizes that geomorphologic change may have happened this rapidly in the British Isles at the end of the last ice age, but that since humanity was not aware of it or could simply respond to the changes as they happened, modern man may have an advantage to protect his environment. The problem with the knowledge that humanity has affected global climate change is that it also points out how much we do not know. The author discusses this in terms of regionalization, the idea that some global effects of climate change will only affect certain regions. The effects he identified as potentials were: (i) The likelihood of catastrophic outcomes; (ii) The potential distribution of ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ within an economy, both over space and through time; (iii) Whether winners and losers can be reliably identified through improved modeling in sufficient time to allow effective policy formulation; (iv) Evaluation of the costs and benefits of climatic change prevention compared with those generated by responding to changed climate through adjustment; and (v) Evaluation of the costs of attempting to maintain the status quo compared with managed adaptation to changing environmental conditions. † (Jones, 126) In essence, Jones begin his argument by saying that it is the socio-economic factors of global warming which might be more devastating to humanity than the actual physical changes on the planet. Much ado, he says, has been made about the effect the rising of the mean sea level on the planet could have in areas such as Bangladesh, where 9 percent of the population would be affected by a rising sea level, creating millions of climate refugees or in Egypt, where the nation could lose as much as 15 percent of its farmland to rising water (Jones, 127). None of these factors threatens the existence of humanity, but they do threaten life as we know it. Changes in weather patterns, top soil erosion and rainfall could have enormous effects on agricultural production, for instance, which may have a major effect on the world’s economy, but it is unlikely to have such a far-reaching effect as to produce global food shortages. Jones does not completely negate the idea that humanity could face dire consequences associated with global climate change, but he does argue that they are more likely to be economic than physical. (127). However, Jones also argues that the ability to predict the impact of global warming on geomorphology and the biosphere is somewhat limited. Specifically, he claims that: â€Å"Predicting changes in the atmospheric composition of greenhouse gases remains problematic because of uncertainty as to existing sources, pathways, fluxes and stores of the various gases involved, combined with difficulties of estimating future patterns of human inputs (Houghton et al. , 1990, 1992; DOE, 1991; Wigley and Raper, 1992) ; 2 Climate is the great integrator and, therefore, reflects a huge range of influences, both global and extra-terrestrial, some natural others human-induced, working at varying temporal and spatial scales. Both identifying and predicting the influences of greenhouse gases are, therefore, extremely difficult; 3 The relationship between greenhouse gases and climatic parameters is not simple because of both positive and negative feedback mechanisms, step-wise changes resulting from the existence of threshold conditions, synergies, and the complex influence of the oceans and their circulation patterns ; 4 Predicting change remains hampered by lack of knowledge regarding system parameters (e. g. ocean-atmosphere coupling) and the awesome magnitude of the computing task required by the most sophisticated models. † (Jones, 126-127) Perhaps the most important part of the thesis that Jones is trying to make is that once we have accepted that global warming is affected by human action, we must therefore accept that we can affect how significant that climate change will be. Specifically, Jones talks about the potential impact of actions taken to mitigate global warming including attempts to reduce the production of greenhouse gases and actions taken with regard to soil shift which is likely to occur rapidly during the temperature increase. Efforts to discuss beach erosion, cliff erosion and affects on deltas and coral islands should emphasize what actions can be taken to lessen the effect of rising ocean levels. Any action then taken to attempt to control these forces of natures will have a substantial effect on the outcome related to those climate changes. The first thing I noticed about this article is that it was published nearly 15 years ago, making some of its basic assumptions rather obsolete. For example, Jones discusses the massive computer power needed to perform the complex projections related to weather patterns and global warming. While it is possible that this limitation was considered a severe one in 1993, the rapid expansion of computer processing power means that more recent looks at global warming can attempt to analyze weather-related data and infer probability based on those history patterns. Furthermore, the computer models can be very detailed and discuss specific projected ocean levels in individual cities or nations and over a specific time frame. No longer is it just a cataclysmic claim that the sea levels will rise, but it is a specific claim regarding how much water will be where. The second thing I noticed about this article was that it was published in the midst of some of the worst flooding in modern United States history, the great flood of 1993 on the Mississippi River. Flood levels that year reached beyond the 100-year-floodplain and ignited questions about the effects of changing weather patterns on agriculture and population centers in the central United States. Since then, we have seen major flooding along several major rivers in the United States including the Rio Grande, the Missouri River and the Ohio River, while at the same time seeing the Colorado River suffer from enormous drought conditions, creating a lack of potable water for major western American cities. On the British Isles, we recently observed massive flooding along the Thames River and associated death and destruction. Already, just 15 years after Jones’ article, we are seeing the effects of global warming as weather patterns shift causing record heat waves in Europe, killing hundreds, and shifts in the American food producing states where rain seems to come at inappropriate times or inappropriate amounts. Next, I began to consider Jones’ theory that massive global climate change is primarily concerning most people because of the economic shifts it will likely cause. If several countries see their major crops begin to die out because of a climate shift, will we see the food production belts shift further northward and further southward from the equator? And, what effect will this have on the habitable portions of the world? As additional areas of the world become classified as tropical and subtropical, what will be the effect on population patterns? Will regions now largely devoted to population centers need to give the land back to agrarian tasks? Already we are seeing the effects of the global climate shift in India and Pakistan. India with about 1 billion people does not have the ecological resources to support its population, including, but not limited to, clean water. This contributes to the political instability of the region as Pakistan and other Indian neighbors face regular mass immigration from India. These massive population shifts are causing or contributing to political strife worldwide. Likewise, as food production suffers because populations are no longer nomadic and able to follow the seasons to appropriate growing conditions, it seems likely that increased international strife will develop over the supply of natural resources ranging from deciduous trees to natural grains. Further impacting this is a move to biofuels as an attempt to curb the production of greenhouse gases. So far, we have been able to observe that the high demand for grains and sugar cane to be converted in to ethanol and other biofuels has begun to drive up the cost of food stuffs on an international basis. As some point, the system will break and people will demand that they be able to afford to eat. Perhaps the most interesting portion of Jones’ article is his claim that the doomsday predictions are overblown and that climate change is not necessarily a cataclysmic event. Though it is unlikely that human-induced climate change will be the cause of an extinction event, it appears more likely that the economic and political strife caused by the climate change may cause severe population reducing events including limited warfare or extinction events such as a nuclear confrontation. Given the recent receipt of the Nobel Peace Prize to American Albert Gore Jr. for his work on informing the public about global warming, the lessons of Jones’ article are particularly timely. His advice that a plan for mitigating the effects of global warming needs to be developed and implemented beginning in the 1990s and extending to 2050 is very well received. The only tragedy is that this advice was soundly ignored for the first decade after he gave it and real attention to global warming has only come in recent years as a result of the Kyoto Treaty and efforts like those of Gore. It seems unthinkable that the debate over the validity of the science of global warming still exists when there is evidence of its existence and of humanity’s effect on it. I feared at first when reading Jones’ introduction that he was going to be one of the people who claim that the climate shift is part of a semi-predictable pattern of geological history as so many naysayers are wont to do. However, I was pleasantly surprised to find that his analysis acknowledges that it is happening at an accelerated rate because of the impact of humanity and his statements in support of the idea that humanity can thus also mitigate its impact on the globe and on the species. More importantly perhaps is that some of Jones’ suggestions can be applied to mitigating the effects of global climate even if the climate change is a completely natural cycle unaffected by the pollutants added to the atmosphere by humanity. Efforts to prevent soil erosion and to minimize building in floodplains make simple sense. Anyone who simply accepts the fact of changing weather patterns can easily see the logic in these efforts regardless of whether they have any desire to reduce their carbon footprint. Using technological advances to help prevent soil loss during flood events and to insist that populations take climate change into consideration are of value regardless of the causes of global warming. Furthermore, Jones’ explanation regarding the geological history of interglacial periods can be viewed as reassuring to even those who are convinced of the human factor in global warming. At some times, the earth has undergone rapid ecological change in the past and the biosphere has not been destroyed. Therefore, his conclusions that global warming is neither something to be ignored nor the world ending event that it has been portrayed as is a very lucid approach. Too many zealots follow the anti-global warming crusades with a fervor that is as unhealthy as ignoring the issue could be. Simple changes in everyone can help prevent the need to massively adjust our lifestyles by mid-century. Efforts must be made to preserve the coastlines as much as possible and to prevent soil erosion when flooding occurs. Simple efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions should be attempted as well and people should adjust to the ideas of different crop patterns and therefore a different distribution of food resources. We should also prepare for an influx of immigrants from nations where receding coasts will leave populations with no place to live and we should take international action to address issues like the sub-Saharan drought in Africa, encouraging the sharing of natural resources like water among neighbor states. With these efforts now and an eye toward the issues that global warming will create in the relatively near future, we can prevent climate change from becoming an extinction event. If we ignore it, the strife brought on by it will likely be the end of humanity. Works Cited Jones, David K. C. â€Å"Global Warming and Geomorphology†, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 159, No. 2, July 1993, pp. 124-130.